Surgery
Cardiac Surgery
Surgical replacement or repair
of blood vessels, valves, or muscle within the heart.
Invasive Procedures
Coronary Arteriography (Cardiac Catheterization)
ping of the coronary arteries) is done
using a procedure called cardiac catheterization. A doctor guides a thin
plastic tube (called a catheter) through an artery in the arm or leg and
leads it into the coronary arteries. Then, the doctor injects a liquid
dye through the catheter. The dye is visible in X-rays which record the
course of the dye as it flows through the arteries. By mapping the dye's
flow, the doctor identifies blocked areas. Once the mapping is done, the doctor can decide the
best course of action.
Coronary Angioplasty
This procedure works by compressing
the fatty build-up against the artery wall. A catheter with a tiny
balloon is placed into the constriction. The cardiologist gently
inflates the balloon. As the balloon expands, it compresses the plaque
against the artery wall, thereby enlarging the opening. The balloon is
then deflated and the catheter removed. The widening of the
artery allows for increased blood flow to the regions of the heart
served by the vessel.
Coronary
Stenting
This procedure usually follows balloon
angioplasty, which requires inserting a balloon catheter into the
femoral artery in the upper thigh. When this catheter is positioned at
the location of the blockage in the coronary artery, it is slowly
inflated to widen that artery, and is then removed. The stent catheter
is then threaded into the artery and the stent is placed around a
deflated balloon. When this is correctly positioned in the coronary
artery, the balloon is inflated, expanding the stent against the walls
of the coronary artery. The balloon catheter is removed, leaving the
stent in place to hold the coronary artery open. A cardiac angiography will follow to insure that the stent is
keeping the artery open.
Coronary
Atherectomy
During this procedure, the
cardiologist uses a catheter with a precision, rotating blade or burr at
its tip to shave the plaque accumulation and open the blockage. Because
there is still plaque after this procedure, the doctor inserts a balloon
catheter to compress the remaining plaque against the artery
wall
(angioplasty procedure).There are several variants on the atherectomy
(rotoblader) procedure. These procedures are
named by the type of cutting device that is at the
tip of the catheter.
Cardiac Rhythm
Management
A procedure installing an electrical firing
device within the upper chest to control both fast
and slow cardiac rhythm.
Electrophysiology Study (EP)
Study of the heart is a nonsurgical
analysis of the electrical conduction system (normal or abnormal) of the
heart. The test employs cardiac catheters and sophisticated computers to
generate electrocardiogram (EKG) tracings and electrical measurements
with exquisite precision from within the heart chambers.The EP study can
be performed solely for diagnostic purposes. It also is performed to
pinpoint the exact location of electrical signals (cardiac mapping) in
conjunction with a therapeutic
procedure called catheter ablation.
Cardiac
Ablations
A procedure where catheters are placed in the
heart and RF energy is delivered through the catheter. This neutralizes
(ablates) the cardiac cells that are causing an arrhythmia by creating a
block that the electrical impulses can no longer cross. This restores
the normal electrical pathways of your heart and allows it to beat
normally again. The procedure is performed by a cardiac specialist
called an Electrophysiologist (or EP). It is a widely used procedure,
proven safe, effective, and long-lasting, although some arrhythmias are
more easily treated with
catheter ablation than others.
Peripheral Vascular Intervention
Procedures
These procedures are used to open blocked arteries in areas
other than the heart.
Coronary
Angiography
A procedure used to visualize blood
vessels of the heart. A catheter is used to inject a dye into the vessels; the vessels can then be
seen by x ray.
Non Invasive Procedures
Echocardiography
A diagnostic test that uses ultrasound
waves to create an image of the heart muscle. Ultrasound waves that
rebound or echo off the heart can show the size, shape, and movement of
the heart's valves and chambers as well as the flow of blood through the
heart. Echocardiography may show such abnormalities as poorly
functioning heart valves or damage to the heart tissue from a
past heart attack.
Electrocardiography
A commonly used, non-invasive
procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart. The record,
which is called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), shows the series of
waves that relate to the electrical impulses which occur during each
beat of the heart. The results are printed on paper or displayed on a
monitor. The waves in a normal record are named P, Q, R, S, and T and
follow in alphabetical order. The number of waves may vary, and other
waves may be present. Electrocardiography is a starting point for
detecting many cardiac problems. It is used routinely in physical
examinations and for monitoring the patient's condition during and after
surgery, as well as during intensive care. It is the basic measurement
used for tests such as exercise tolerance. It is used to evaluate causes
of symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of
breath, and palpitations.
Holter Monitoring
Aontinuous monitoring of the
electrical activity of a patient's heart muscle (electrocardiography)
for 24 hours, using a special portable device called a Holter monitor.
Patients wear the Holter monitor while carrying out their usual daily
activities. Holter monitoring is used to help determine whether someone
has an otherwise undetected
heart disease, such as abnormal heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmia), or inadequate blood flow
through the heart.
MUGA
Scan
(Multiple Gated Acquisition scan) is
an extremely useful noninvasive tool for assessing the function of the
heart. The MUGA scan produces a moving image of the beating heart, and
from this image several important features can be determined about the health of the cardiac ventricles (the heart’s
major pumping chambers).
Nuclear Cardiac Stress
Test
A nuclear stress test measures blood
flow to your heart muscle at rest and during stress. It is performed
similar to a routine exercise stress test but provides images in
addition to electrocardiograms. During a nuclear stress test, a
radioactive substance is injected into your bloodstream. This substance
mixes with your blood and travels to your heart. A special scanner —
which detects the radioactive material in your heart — creates images of
your heart muscle. Inadequate blood flow to any part of your heart will
show up as a light spot on
the images — because not as much of the radioactive substance
is getting there.
Persantine Stress Test
This test is a perfect substitute to an
exercise based stress test. In certain cases, such as arthritis and
exercise intolerance, stress test on treadmill is not feasible,
persantine and thalium are used to bring in the same result in blood
circulation as brought by exercises. First Persantine is injected
intravenously that helps expand the coronary arteries, resulting in
increased blood flow. Thallium is also injected, and it works as a
tracer detected by X-rays, showing the parts of the heart muscle
receiving enough oxygen. Monitoring this procedure is similar to that of
a treadmill stress test as electrodes are placed on the chest to monitor
both the heart rate and rhythm with the help
of an electrocardiogram.
Transesophageal Echocardiogram
(TEE)
Sound wave visualization of cardiac function and blood flow by scope placed
into the esophagus.
Treadmill Stress
Test
This test measures heart rate and
blood pressure through leads that are attached to the body from an EKG
machine. The patient then walks on a treadmill in which both the speed
and slope are increased at designated time periods. The patient’s heart
rate and blood pressure are measured throughout the process, which continues until the patient achieves a
target heart rate.
Rehabilitation
Cardiac Rehabilitation
A program to assist
patients in regaining the greatest level of activity and health possible through
teaching and exercise following a cardiac illness or procedure. For more information, call (810) 342-2085 or click here.
Pacemakers
Device Clinic
A test to
perform interrogations of
pacemakers and defibrillators for appropriate function and battery life.
Remote Pacemaker Analysis
This test checks and
defines the functioning of existing pacemaker over the phone.
Common Cardiothoracic
Procedures
CABG - coronary artery bypass graft surgery,
coronary revascularization, coronary bypass
Heart bypass surgery is an open-heart surgery that
reroutes or "bypasses" blood around clogged arteries. Arteries are the
blood vessels that supply freshly oxygenated blood to the tissues of the
body - in this case,
the heart muscle.
Over time they can become blocked by a buildup of plaque, a
combination of fat, cholesterol, and other substances. This blockage,
known as atherosclerosis, interferes with the blood flow, and thus
reduces the oxygen supply, to the heart.
Heart bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft
surgery (CABG), reroutes the blood around these clogged arteries.
Off Pump Bypass- this procedure allows the surgeon
to sew the bypass graft into place without stopping the heart or using a
heart-lung machine, both of which are required for traditional bypass.
The movement of the heart is minimized using heart stabilizers and
positioners. These devices keep the targeted regions of the heart
virtually motionless while the physician performs the bypass.
Empyema Drainage- this procedure involves draining
off the inflammatory fluid (or pus) and debris in the lining in the
pleural space, which is between the outer surface of the lung and the
chest wall.
Thoracotomy- Surgery to remove all or part of a lung
involves making a cut on one side of your chest (thorax) during a
procedure called a thoracotomy. Surgery that uses this approach avoids
areas in the chest that contain the heart and the spinal cord. After the
cut is made between the ribs, all or part of the lung is removed
depending on the location, size, and type of lung cancer that is
present.
Valve Disease
Treatment
What Happens During Traditional Heart Valve
Surgery?
During traditional heart valve surgery, a surgeon
will make an incision down the center of your sternum (breastbone) to
get direct access to your heart. The surgeon then repairs or replaces
your abnormal heart valve or valves.
What Happens During Minimally Invasive Heart Valve
Surgery?
Minimally invasive heart valve
surgery is a type of surgery performed through smaller incisions. This
type of surgery reduces blood loss, trauma, and length of hospital stay.
Your surgeon will
review your diagnostic tests prior to your surgery to determine if you
are a candidate for minimally invasive valve surgery.
Often, the surgeon and cardiologist (heart doctor) will use
transesophogeal echo (an ultrasound transducer probe that is passed down
the esophagus) to help determine the functioning of the valve before and
after surgery.
What Is Valve Repair Surgery?
The mitral valve is
the most commonly repaired valve, but the aortic, pulmonic, and
tricuspid valves may also undergo some of these repair techniques.
If
your valve can be repaired, your surgeon will perform any of the
following types of valve repair procedures.
Commissurotomy. Fused valve leaflets are
separated to widen the valve opening.
Decalcification. Calcium deposits are removed to
allow the leaflets to be more flexible and close properly.
Reshape leaflets. If one of the leaflets is
floppy, a segment may be cut out and the leaflet sewn back together,
allowing the valve to close more tightly. This procedure is called
quadrangular resection.
Chordal transfer. If the anterior leaflet of the
mitral valve has prolapse (floppy; lacking support), the chordae are
transferred from the posterior leaflet to the anterior leaflet. Then,
the posterior leaflet is repaired by quandrangular resection (see
above).
Annulus support. If the valve annulus (the ring
of tissue supporting the valve) is too wide, it may be reshaped or
tightened by sewing a ring structure around the annulus. The ring may be
made of tissue or synthetic material.
Patched leaflets. The surgeon may use tissue
patches to repair any leaflets with tears or holes.
The advantages
of valve repair surgery include:
decreased need for life-long blood
thinner (anticoagulant) medication
preserved heart muscle strength
Esophageal Surgery- Would be performed on the
tube that connects your throat to your stomach.
Endoscopic Vein Harvesting
This is a minimally
invasive procedure performed to extract the saphenous vein from the leg.
The procedure requires one to three small incisions, each less than 1
inch in length. The procedure is part of coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG) surgery, which is performed to bypass one or more blocked
coronary arteries and restore oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart.
Minimally Invasive
Procedures
Mitral Valve
Repair
Surgical repair involves delicate reconstruction of
native valve tissues in order to restore proper function.
The most
common approach to repair requires the surgeon to saw open the
breastbone and spread the ribs to gain direct access to the heart.
Cutting the sternum and opening the rib cage - the body's natural
protective structure of the heart - can prolong healing time, increase
risk of infection, serious complications and even mortality
da Vinci Mitral Valve Repair

If your doctor recommends surgical repair, you may be a candidate for
a new, less invasive surgical procedure call da Vinci Mitral
Valve Repair (da Vinci MVR). This procedures uses a
state-of-the-art surgical system designed to help your surgeon see vital
anatomical structures more clearly and to perform a more precise
surgical procedure.
For most patients, da Vinci MVR offers numerous potential benefits over traditional
open-chest surgery, including:
- Shorter hospital say
- Less pain and scarring
- Less risk of infection
- Less blood loss and fewer
transfusions
- Faster recovery
- Quicker return to normal
activities
As with any surgery, these benefits cannot be guaranteed, as surgery
is patent and procedure specific.
For more information about McLaren's cardiac treatment and
diagnostic services, call (810) 342-2387.