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How Well Do You Know Your Heart?







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Surgery

Cardiac Surgery
Surgical replacement or repair of blood vessels, valves, or muscle within the heart.

Invasive Procedures

Coronary Arteriography (Cardiac Catheterization)
ping of the coronary arteries) is done using a procedure called cardiac catheterization. A doctor guides a thin plastic tube (called a catheter) through an artery in the arm or leg and leads it into the coronary arteries. Then, the doctor injects a liquid dye through the catheter. The dye is visible in X-rays which record the course of the dye as it flows through the arteries. By mapping the dye's flow, the doctor identifies blocked areas. Once the mapping is done, the doctor can decide the best course of action.

Coronary Angioplasty
This procedure works by compressing the fatty build-up against the artery wall. A catheter with a tiny balloon is placed into the constriction. The cardiologist gently inflates the balloon. As the balloon expands, it compresses the plaque against the artery wall, thereby enlarging the opening. The balloon is then deflated and the catheter removed. The widening of the artery allows for increased blood flow to the regions of the heart served by the vessel.

Coronary Stenting
This procedure usually follows balloon angioplasty, which requires inserting a balloon catheter into the femoral artery in the upper thigh. When this catheter is positioned at the location of the blockage in the coronary artery, it is slowly inflated to widen that artery, and is then removed. The stent catheter is then threaded into the artery and the stent is placed around a deflated balloon. When this is correctly positioned in the coronary artery, the balloon is inflated, expanding the stent against the walls of the coronary artery. The balloon catheter is removed, leaving the stent in place to hold the coronary artery open. A cardiac angiography will follow to insure that the stent is keeping the artery open.

Coronary Atherectomy
During this procedure, the cardiologist uses a catheter with a precision, rotating blade or burr at its tip to shave the plaque accumulation and open the blockage. Because there is still plaque after this procedure, the doctor inserts a balloon catheter to compress the remaining plaque against the artery wall                  (angioplasty procedure).There are several variants on the atherectomy (rotoblader) procedure. These procedures are named by the type of cutting device that is at the tip of the catheter.

Cardiac Rhythm Management
A procedure installing an electrical firing device within the upper chest to control both fast and slow cardiac rhythm.

Electrophysiology Study (EP)
Study of the heart is a nonsurgical analysis of the electrical conduction system (normal or abnormal) of the heart. The test employs cardiac catheters and sophisticated computers to generate electrocardiogram (EKG) tracings and electrical measurements with exquisite precision from within the heart chambers.The EP study can be performed solely for diagnostic purposes. It also is performed to pinpoint the exact location of electrical signals (cardiac mapping) in conjunction with a therapeutic procedure called catheter ablation.

Cardiac Ablations
A procedure where catheters are placed in the heart and RF energy is delivered through the catheter. This neutralizes (ablates) the cardiac cells that are causing an arrhythmia by creating a block that the electrical impulses can no longer cross. This restores the normal electrical pathways of your heart and allows it to beat normally again. The procedure is performed by a cardiac specialist called an Electrophysiologist (or EP). It is a widely used procedure, proven safe, effective, and long-lasting, although some arrhythmias are more easily treated with catheter ablation than others.

Peripheral Vascular Intervention Procedures
These procedures are used to open blocked arteries in areas other than the heart. 

Coronary Angiography
A procedure used to visualize blood vessels of the heart. A catheter is used to inject a dye into the vessels; the vessels can then be seen by x ray.

Non Invasive Procedures

Echocardiography
A diagnostic test that uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the heart muscle. Ultrasound waves that rebound or echo off the heart can show the size, shape, and movement of the heart's valves and chambers as well as the flow of blood through the heart. Echocardiography may show such abnormalities as poorly functioning heart valves or damage to the heart tissue from a past heart attack.

Electrocardiography
A commonly used, non-invasive procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart. The record, which is called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), shows the series of waves that relate to the electrical impulses which occur during each beat of the heart. The results are printed on paper or displayed on a monitor. The waves in a normal record are named P, Q, R, S, and T and follow in alphabetical order. The number of waves may vary, and other waves may be present. Electrocardiography is a starting point for detecting many cardiac problems. It is used routinely in physical examinations and for monitoring the patient's condition during and after surgery, as well as during intensive care. It is the basic measurement used for tests such as exercise tolerance. It is used to evaluate causes of symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations.

Holter Monitoring
Aontinuous monitoring of the electrical activity of a patient's heart muscle (electrocardiography) for 24 hours, using a special portable device called a Holter monitor. Patients wear the Holter monitor while carrying out their usual daily activities. Holter monitoring is used to help determine whether someone has an otherwise undetected heart disease, such as abnormal heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmia), or inadequate blood flow through the heart.

MUGA Scan
(Multiple Gated Acquisition scan) is an extremely useful noninvasive tool for assessing the function of the heart. The MUGA scan produces a moving image of the beating heart, and from this image several important features can be determined about the health of the cardiac ventricles (the heart’s major pumping chambers).

Nuclear Cardiac Stress Test
A nuclear stress test measures blood flow to your heart muscle at rest and during stress. It is performed similar to a routine exercise stress test but provides images in addition to electrocardiograms. During a nuclear stress test, a radioactive substance is injected into your bloodstream. This substance mixes with your blood and travels to your heart. A special scanner — which detects the radioactive material in your heart — creates images of your heart muscle. Inadequate blood flow to any part of your heart will show up as a light spot on the images — because not as much of the radioactive substance is getting there.

Persantine Stress Test
This test is a perfect substitute to an exercise based stress test. In certain cases, such as arthritis and exercise intolerance, stress test on treadmill is not feasible, persantine and thalium are used to bring in the same result in blood circulation as brought by exercises. First Persantine is injected intravenously that helps expand the coronary arteries, resulting in increased blood flow. Thallium is also injected, and it works as a tracer detected by X-rays, showing the parts of the heart muscle receiving enough oxygen. Monitoring this procedure is similar to that of a treadmill stress test as electrodes are placed on the chest to monitor both the heart rate and rhythm with the help of an electrocardiogram.

Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
Sound wave visualization of cardiac function and blood flow by scope placed into the esophagus.

Treadmill Stress Test
This test measures heart rate and blood pressure through leads that are attached to the body from an EKG machine. The patient then walks on a treadmill in which both the speed and slope are increased at designated time periods. The patient’s heart rate and blood pressure are measured throughout the process, which continues until the patient achieves a target heart rate.

Rehabilitation

Cardiac Rehabilitation
A program to assist patients in regaining the greatest level of activity and health possible through teaching and exercise following a cardiac illness or procedure. For more information, call (810) 342-2085 or click here.

Pacemakers

Device Clinic
A test to perform interrogations of pacemakers and defibrillators for appropriate function and battery life.

Remote Pacemaker Analysis
This test checks and defines the functioning of existing pacemaker over the phone.

Common Cardiothoracic Procedures

CABG - coronary artery bypass graft surgery, coronary revascularization, coronary bypass
Heart bypass surgery is an open-heart surgery that reroutes or "bypasses" blood around clogged arteries. Arteries are the blood vessels that supply freshly oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body - in this case,  the heart muscle.

Over time they can become blocked by a buildup of plaque, a combination of fat, cholesterol, and other substances. This blockage, known as atherosclerosis, interferes with the blood flow, and thus reduces the oxygen supply, to the heart.

Heart bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), reroutes the blood around these clogged arteries.

Off Pump Bypass- this procedure allows the surgeon to sew the bypass graft into place without stopping the heart or using a heart-lung machine, both of which are required for traditional bypass. The movement of the heart is minimized using heart stabilizers and positioners. These devices keep the targeted regions of the heart virtually motionless while the physician performs the bypass.

Empyema Drainage- this procedure involves draining off the inflammatory fluid (or pus) and debris in the lining in the pleural space, which is between the outer surface of the lung and the chest wall.

Thoracotomy- Surgery to remove all or part of a lung involves making a cut on one side of your chest (thorax) during a procedure called a thoracotomy. Surgery that uses this approach avoids areas in the chest that contain the heart and the spinal cord. After the cut is made between the ribs, all or part of the lung is removed depending on the location, size, and type of lung cancer that is present.

Valve Disease Treatment


What Happens During Traditional Heart Valve Surgery?
During traditional heart valve surgery, a surgeon will make an incision down the center of your sternum (breastbone) to get direct access to your heart. The surgeon then repairs or replaces your abnormal heart valve or valves.


What Happens During Minimally Invasive Heart Valve Surgery?
Minimally invasive heart valve surgery is a type of surgery performed through smaller incisions. This type of surgery reduces blood loss, trauma, and length of hospital stay.

Your surgeon will review your diagnostic tests prior to your surgery to determine if you are a candidate for minimally invasive valve surgery.

Often, the surgeon and cardiologist (heart doctor) will use transesophogeal echo (an ultrasound transducer probe that is passed down the esophagus) to help determine the functioning of the valve before and after surgery.

What Is Valve Repair Surgery?
The mitral valve is the most commonly repaired valve, but the aortic, pulmonic, and tricuspid valves may also undergo some of these repair techniques.
If your valve can be repaired, your surgeon will perform any of the following types of valve repair procedures.


Commissurotomy. Fused valve leaflets are separated to widen the valve opening.


Decalcification. Calcium deposits are removed to allow the leaflets to be more flexible and close properly.


Reshape leaflets. If one of the leaflets is floppy, a segment may be cut out and the leaflet sewn back together, allowing the valve to close more tightly. This procedure is called quadrangular resection.


Chordal transfer. If the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve has prolapse (floppy; lacking support), the chordae are transferred from the posterior leaflet to the anterior leaflet. Then, the posterior leaflet is repaired by quandrangular resection (see above).


Annulus support. If the valve annulus (the ring of tissue supporting the valve) is too wide, it may be reshaped or tightened by sewing a ring structure around the annulus. The ring may be made of tissue or synthetic material.


Patched leaflets. The surgeon may use tissue patches to repair any leaflets with tears or holes.
The advantages of valve repair surgery include:
decreased need for life-long blood thinner (anticoagulant) medication
preserved heart muscle strength


Esophageal Surgery- Would be performed on the tube that connects your throat to your stomach.

Endoscopic Vein Harvesting
This is a minimally invasive procedure performed to extract the saphenous vein from the leg. The procedure requires one to three small incisions, each less than 1 inch in length. The procedure is part of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, which is performed to bypass one or more blocked coronary arteries and restore oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart.

Minimally Invasive Procedures


Mitral Valve Repair
Surgical repair involves delicate reconstruction of native valve tissues in order to restore proper function.  The most common approach to repair requires the surgeon to saw open the breastbone and spread the ribs to gain direct access to the heart.  Cutting the sternum and opening the rib cage - the body's natural protective structure of the heart - can prolong healing time, increase risk of infection, serious complications and even mortality

da Vinci Mitral Valve Repair

If your doctor recommends surgical repair, you may be a candidate for a new, less invasive surgical procedure call da Vinci Mitral Valve Repair (da Vinci MVR).  This procedures uses a state-of-the-art surgical system designed to help your surgeon see vital anatomical structures more clearly and to perform a more precise surgical procedure.

For most patients, da Vinci MVR offers numerous potential benefits over traditional open-chest surgery, including:

  • Shorter hospital say
  • Less pain and scarring
  • Less risk of infection
  • Less blood loss and fewer transfusions
  • Faster recovery
  • Quicker return to normal activities

 

As with any surgery, these benefits cannot be guaranteed, as surgery is patent and procedure specific.

For more information about McLaren's cardiac treatment and diagnostic services, call (810) 342-2387.

 

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